USA Banner

Official US Government Icon

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure Site Icon

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

U.S. Department of Transportation U.S. Department of Transportation Icon United States Department of Transportation United States Department of Transportation
FHWA Highway Safety Programs

REFERENCES

1. Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices. (2009). Washington, DC: FHWA. https://mutcd. fhwa.dot.gov/pdfs/2009r1r2/mutcd2009r1r2edition.pdf, last accessed August 20, 2018.

2. Seyfried, R. K., P.E., PTOE (2013). Traffic Control Devices Handbook (2ndEdition). Washington, DC: ITE.

3. Proposed Recommended Practice for Preemption of Traffic Signals Near Railroad Crossings. (2006, updated 2019). Washington, DC: ITE.

4. Benefit-Cost Analysis Guidance for Discretionary Grant Programs, Office of the Secretary, US DOT, Washington, DC 2018.

5. 49 CFR Part 222–Use of Locomotive Horns at Public Highway-Rail Grade Crossings.

6. 23 CFR 625.4–Design Standards for Highways. (Washington, DC, October 2018).

7. Automatic Train Control and Advanced Civil Speed Enforcement System; Northeast Corridor Railroads. (July 22, 1998). Washington, DC: Government Publishing Office (GPO). Retrieved from: https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-1998-07-22/html/98-19431.htm, last accessed August 18, 2018.

8. Highway-Rail Grade Crossing Guidelines for High-Speed Passenger Rail (Version 1.0). (November 2009). Washington, DC, FRA, Office of Railroad Safety and Office of Railroad Development. Retrieved from: https://railroads.dot.gov/sites/fra.dot.gov/files/fra_net/2135/HwyRailXingGuidelines110609.pdf), Page 12-13, last accessed August 17, 2018.

9. Uniform Vehicle Code, Millennium Edition, National Committee on Uniform Traffic Laws and Ordinances (Washington, DC 2000). Retrieved from: http://iamtraffic.org/wp-content/ uploads/2013/01/UVC2000.pdf, last accessed October 16, 2018.

10. Research Results: Crossing Consolidation Guidelines, RR 09-12. (July 2009). Washington, DC: FRA. Retrieved from: https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/40241, last accessed August 20, 2018.

11. 2013 Compilation of State Laws and Regulations Affecting Highway-Rail Grade Crossings, Sixth Edition. USDOT, FRA (Washington, DC, February 2013). Retrieved from: http://www. fra.dot.gov/Elib/Document/3622, last accessed, October 16, 2018.

12. Highway Rail Crossing Elimination and Consolidation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Standing Committee on Rail Transportation, (Washington, DC, March 1995). Retrieved from: https://trid.trb.org/view/573825, last accessed October 16, 2018.

13. Consolidating Railroad Crossings: On Track for Safety in North Carolina. (2000). North Carolina: NCDOT, Rail Division, Engineering and Safety Branch. Retrieved from: https:// www.ncdot.gov/divisions/rail/Pages/safety-education.aspx, last accessed August 20, 2018.

14. Korve Engineering, Inc. San Gabriel Valley Grade Crossings Study, San Gabriel Valley Council of Governments. (Pasadena, CA, January 1997).

15. Alameda-Corridor East Project website Alameda Corridor-East Construction Authority (n.d.). Last accessed August 24, 2018, from http://www.theaceproject.org/

16. BNSF's Campaign to Improve Safety at Grade Crossings. Progressive Railroading (New York, NY, January 2006). Retrieved from: https://www.progressiverailroading.com/bnsf_ railway/article/BNSFs-campaign-to-improve-safety-at-grade-crossings--31830, last accessed October 6, 2018.

17. Accidents that Shouldn't Happen, A Report of the Grade Crossing Safety Task Force to Secretary Federico Pena, March 1, 1996. USDOT, Executive Summary.

18. Sobanjo, John O. (May 2006). Design Guidelines for Highway Roadway Grade Crossing Profiles in Florida, Florida State University, FL.

19. Part III, Box 2E of the USDOT Crossing Inventory Form. USDOT/FRA, Office of Railroad Safety. (Washington, DC, July 2016). Retrieved from https://www.fra.dot.gov/eLib/Details/L16201, last accessed August 20, 2018.

20. Federal Highway Administration, Safety website, Roadway Departure, Clear Zones. USDOT/FHWA (Washington, DC n.d.) Retrieved from: https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/safety/provide-safe-recovery/clear-zones, last accessed October 7, 2018.

21. Illinois Administrative Code Title 92, Section 1535.205–right-of-way to be kept clear. (December 2005). Des Plaines, IL: ICC. Retrieved from: ftp://www.ilga.gov/jcar/ admincode/092/092015350C02050R.html, last accessed August 20, 2018.

22. A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets, 7th Edition. American Association of State Highway Transportation Officials. (Washington, DC, 2018).

23. Roadside Design Guide, 4th Edition, American Association of State and Highway Transportation Officials (Washington, DC, 2011).

24. Manual for Assessing Safety Hardware, 2nd Edition, American Association of State and Highway Transportation Officials (Washington, DC, 2016).

25. Roadway Lighting, American National Standards Institute/Illumination Engineering Society RP-8-14 (New York, NY, 2014).

26. Manual for Railway Engineering. (Current Edition 2018). Lanham, MD: AREMA. Retrieved from: http://www.arema.org/AREMA_MBRR/Store/MRE_TOC.aspx., last accessed August 20, 2018.

27. Train and Truck Crash on Railroad Right-of-Way and Subsequent Fire, National Transportation Safety Board Highway Accident Brief, Accident Number HWY15MH006 (Washington, DC, December 2016).

28. Richards, Stephen H., Heathington, K.W. (1990). Assessment of Warning Time Needs at Railroad-Highway Grade Crossings with Active Traffic Control, Washington, DC, TRB 1254.

29. Communications & Signals Manual, American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association (Lanham, MD, 2018.)

30. Use of Traffic Channelizing Devices at Highway-Rail Grade Crossings. Research Results RR 10-03, USDOT, FRA (Washington, DC, June 2010). Retrieved from https://www.fra.dot. gov/Elib/Document/137, last accessed October 17, 2018.

31. Korve, Hans W., Brent D. Ogden, Joaquin T. Siques, D. Mansel, et al. (2001). Light Rail Service: Pedestrian and Vehicular Safety, Transit Cooperative Research Program Report 69, National Academy Press. Washington, DC.

32. Appendix A to 49 CFR Part 211 –Statement of Agency Policy Concerning Waivers Related to Shared Use of Trackage or Rights-of-Way by Light Rail and Conventional Operations.

33. Light Rail Vehicle Collisions with Vehicles at Signalized Intersections, Kelley Klaver Pecheux and Harry Saporta, Transit Cooperative Research Program Synthesis 79, (Washington, DC, 2009), Pg. 33.

34. Korve, Hans W., Jose I. Farran, Douglas M. Mansel, et al. (1996). Integration of Light Rail Transit into City Streets. Washington, DC: TRB Cooperative Research Program, Report 17 Retrieved from: http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/153829.aspx, last accessed August21, 2018.

35. Americans with Disabilities Act website, (n.d.). Retrieved August 21, 2018 from: https://www.ada.gov/

36. Korve Engineering et al. Audible Signals for Pedestrian Safety in LRT Environments, Research Results Digest 84, Transportation Research Board (2007).

37. Guidelines and Standards. United States Access Board. (Washington, DC July 2011). Retrieved from https://www.access-board.gov/guidelines-and-standards/, last accessed October 18, 2018.

38. Detectable Warnings Update, United States Access Board. (Washington, DC) https://www. access-board.gov/guidelines-and-standards/streets-sidewalks/public-rights-of-way/guidance-and-research/detectable-warnings-update, last accessed October 17, 2018.

39. Compilation of Pedestrian Safety Devices in Use at Grade Crossings. USDOT/ FRA (Washington, DC, January 2008). Retrieved from https://www.fra.dot.gov/Elib/ Document/1370, last accessed October 17, 2018.

40. Guidance on Pedestrian Safety at or Near Passenger Stations. USDOT/FRA. (Washington, DC, April 2012).

41. Gabree, S & Chase, Stephanie & daSilva, Marco. (2013). Effect of Gate Skirts on Pedestrian Behavior at Highway-Rail Grade Crossings. Washington, DC: FRA.

42. Engineering Design for Pedestrian Safety at Highway-Rail Grade Crossings Report. (2016). Cambridge, MA: Volpe National Transportation Systems Center.

43. Highway Safety Benefit-Cost Analysis Guide, FHWA-SA-18-001. USDOT/FHWA (February 2018).

44. Highway Safety Benefit Cost Analysis Tool, USDOT/FHWA (Washington, DC, n.d.). Retrieved from: /safety/legislative-safety-programs/hsip/highway-safety-benefit-cost-analysis-tool, last accessed October 17, 2018.

45. Farr, E. H. (1987). Rail-Highway Crossing Resource Allocation Procedure, User's Guide, Third Edition. Washington, DC: FRA, Office of Safety Analysis.

46. FRA Web Accident Prediction System. USDOT/FRA, Office of Safety Analysis. (Washington, DC, n.d.). Retrieved from https://safetydata.fra.dot.gov/webaps/, last accessed: October 17, 2018.

47. GradeDec.Net–System for Highway-Rail Grade Crossing Investment Analysis. USDOT/ FRA (Washington, DC, n.d.). Retrieved from https://gradedec.fra.dot.gov, last accessed October 17, 2018.

48. GradeDec Crossing Evaluation Tool Reference Manual (FRA, 2014). Retrieved from: https://www.fra.dot.gov/eLib/Details/L03769

49. Highway Safety Improvement Program Manual. (January 2010). Washington, DC: USDOT/ FHWA. Retrieved from: https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/safety/legislative-safety-programs/hsip/highway-safety-improvement-program-manual-0, last accessed August 20, 2018.

50. Data is available through 2017. Retrieved from: https://www.gao.gov/assets/700/695372.pdf

51. Fixing America's Surface Transportation Act "Fast Act" website USDOT/FHWA. (n.d.). Retrieved August 21, 2018, from https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/fastact/factsheets/railwayhwycrossingsfst.cfm

52. 23 CFR 646.210–Classification of Projects and Railroad Share of the Cost. (2004). Washington, DC: FHWA. Retrieved from: https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/granule/CFR-2004-title23-vol1/CFR-2004-title23-vol1-sec646-210, last accessed August 21, 2018.

53. 23 CFR 646.212 Federal Share. (2004). Washington, DC: FHWA. Retrieved from: https:// www.gpo.gov/fdsys/granule/2004-title2CFR-2004-title23-vol1/CFR-3-vol1-sec646-210

54. Strategies for Improving the Project Agreement Process Between Highway Agencies and Railroads, (n.d.). Washington, DC: USDOT/FHWA. Retrieved from: https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/goshrp2/Solutions/Renewal/R16/RailroadDOT_Mitigation_Strategies, last accessed August 21, 2018. A download link to the full document is available at http://www.trb.org/ Publications/Blurbs/164283.aspx

55. Technical Bulletin S-12-0 1, Guidance Regarding the Appropriate Process for the Inspection of Highway-Rail Grade Crossing Warning System Pre-emption Interconnections Highway Traffic Signals. (July 2012). Washington, DC: USDOT/FRA. Retrieved from: http://ctcinc. com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/FRA-TB-S-12-01-Pre-emption-Inspections.pdf, last accessed August 21, 2018.

56. Notice of Safety Advisory; Signal Recording Devices for Highway-Rail Grade Crossing Active Warning Systems that are Interconnected with Highway Traffic Signal Systems, Safety Advisory 2010-02, USDOT, FRA, published in Federal Register Vol. 75, No. 190 (Washington, DC, October 1, 2010).

57. Moriarty, Kevin, Bendyk, Joshua, McGee, Hugh, Herr, Joseph, Byrne, Terry, and Dixon, Matthew. (October, 2012). Recording Devices for Interconnected Grade Crossing and Intersection Signal Systems: An Informational Report. Washington, DC: USDOT/FHWA. Retrieved from: https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/safety/legislative-safety-programs/xings/recording-devices-interconnected-grade-crossing-and-0, last accessed August 21, 2018.

58. Rutter, Allan, Morgan, Curtis, Warner Jeff, Graves, Brett. (November 2016). Highway-Railway Grade Crossing Action Plan and Project Prioritization Noteworthy Practices Guide. Washington, DC: FHWA. https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/safety/legislative-safety-programs/xings/highway-railway-grade-crossing-action-plan-and-project-0

59. 49 CFR 234.209–Interference with Normal Functioning of System.

60. Frequently Asked Questions, Surface Transportation Board website. Retrieved from: https:// www.stb.gov/stb/faqs.html, last accessed October 17, 2018.

61. Highway-Rail Grade Crossing Guidelines for High-Speed Passenger Rail (Version 1.0). (November 2009). Washington, DC: FRA, Office of Railroad Safety and Office of Railroad Development. Retrieved from: https://www.fra.dot.gov/Elib/Document/15140), Page 12-13, last accessed August 17, 2018.

62. Intelligent Transportation System Architecture and Standards. (n.d.). Washington, DC: USDOT/FHWA. Retrieved from: https://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/its_arch_imp/policy_1.htm, last accessed August 22, 2018.

63. 1570-2002–Standard for the Interface Between the Rail Subsystem and the Highway Subsystem at a Highway Rail Intersection. (2003, Reaffirmed 2008). New York, NY: IEEE. Retrieved from: https://www.standards.its.dot.gov/Factsheets/Factsheet/79, last accessed August 22, 2018.

64. Quiet Zone Calculator, FRA website. Retrieved from https://safetydata.fra.dot.gov/quiet/ login.aspx, last accessed October 17, 2018.

65. Guide to the Quiet Zone Establishment Process. (September 2013), Washington, DC: FRA. Retrieved from: https://railroads.dot.gov/sites/fra.dot.gov/files/2020-05/QuietZoneBrochure.pdf, last accessed August 22, 2018.

66. Safety & Security, Chicago Transit Authority website. Retrieved from https://www. transitchicago.com/safety/#Campaigns, last accessed October 17, 2018.

67. Riding Safety, New York MTA website, retrieved from http://web.mta.info/safety/, last accessed October 17, 2018.

68. "Safetyville" Video Playlist, Los Angeles County Metro Metropolitan Transportation Authority, https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLli3M8RkN4llxqA4WptrGLP4m7CX_ r5Lc, last accessed October 18, 2018.

69. Police Coordinate Special Railroad Crossing Enforcement Operations. (n.d.). Stevens Point, WI: WSAW TV. Retrieved from: http://www.wsaw.com/content/news/Police-coordinate-special-railroad-crossing-enforcement-operation--481523871.html, last accessed August 22, 2018.

70. Sposato, S., Bien-Aime, P., & Chaudhary, M. Safety of highway-rail grade crossings: Public education and enforcement Research study, Final Report (Report No. DOT/FRA/ORD-06/27, DOT-VNTSC-FRA-06-03), (Cambridge, MA December 2006). Retrieved from: https://www.fra.dot.gov/Elib/Document/121, last accessed October 17, 2018.

71. Railroad Facts, 2017 Edition, page 47. Washington, DC: Association of American Railroads.

72. U.S. Highway Statistics, Travel Lane Miles. (June 29, 2018). Washington, DC: FHWA, Office of Highway Policy.

73. Railroad Safety Statistics Preliminary Annual Report, Table 9-2. (July 2015). Washington, DC: USDOT, FRA. Retrieved from: https://www.bts.gov/content/highway-rail-grade-crossings-type, last accessed August 22, 2018.

74. Safety Data Statistic of Railroad Crossing Deaths, Injuries, & Incidents from 2008-2017. (n.d.). Washington, DC: USDOT, FRA.

75. Highway Crossing Accident/Incident and Inventory Bulletin (No.18 Calendar Year 1995). (1996). Washington, DC: FRA.

76. Traffic Safety Facts 2015: A Compilation of Motor Vehicle Crash Data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System and the General Estimates System. (2015). Washington, DC: USDOT/NHTSA. Retrieved from: https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ ViewPublication/812384, last accessed August 22, 2018.

77. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. website–(nd), Washington, DC. Retrieved August 22, 2018, from https://www.nhtsa.gov/

78. Accident/Incident Data Query. FRA.–(n.d.). Retrieved August 22, 2018, from https://safetydata.fra.dot.gov/officeofsafety/publicsite/Query/CasualitiesReport.aspx

79. Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1987, Public Law 100-17, 101 Stat. 171.

80. Fact Sheets on Highway Provisions, Highway Safety Improvement Program. (n.d.). Washington, DC: FHWA. Retrieved from: www.fhwa.dot.gov/safetealu/factsheets/hsip.htm, last accessed August 22, 2018.

81. 23 U.S. Code § 130–Railway-highway crossings. (January 2012). Retrieved from: http:// uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title23-section130&num=0&editi on=prelim, last accessed October 12, 2018.

82. Chapter I–Highway Safety Part 924–Highway Safety Improvement Program, Section § 924.9–Planning. (April 2016), Washington, DC: FHWA. Retrieved from: https://www.gpo.gov/ fdsys/search/pagedetails.action?sr=952&originalSearch=&st=fur&ps=10&na=&se=&sb= re&timeFrame=&dateBrowse=&govAuthBrowse=&collection=&historical=false&packageId= CFR-2016-title23-vol1&fromState=&bread=true&granuleId=CFR-2016-title23-vol1-sec924-9&collectionCode=CFR&browsePath=Title+23%2FChapter+I%2FSubchapter+ J%2FPart+924%2FSection+%26sect%3B+924.9&collapse=true&fromBrowse=true, last accessed August 22, 2018.

83. Fixing America's Surface Transportation Act "Fast Act" website USDOT/FHWA. (n.d.). Retrieved August 21, 2018, from: https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/fastact/factsheets/ railwayhwycrossingsfst.cfm

84. National Transportation Safety Board. NTSB Recommends Training, Operating Guidelines following Glendale, California Grade Crossing Accident. November 27, 2001. Accessed online: https://www.ntsb.gov/news/press-releases/Pages/NTSB_Recommends_Training_Operating_Guidelines_following_Glendale_California_Grade_Crossing_Accident.aspx Operating_Guidelines_following_Glendale_California_Grade_Crossing_Accident.aspx

85. Highway-Rail Crossing Surfaces. Washington, DC: National Cooperative Highway Research Program Synthesis of Practice 250. (1997). Washington, DC: NCHRP.

86. Uniform Vehicle Code and Model Traffic Ordinance. (2005). Evanston, IL: National Committee on Uniform Traffic Laws and Ordinances, Evanston, IL. http://iamtraffic.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/UVC2000.pdf

87. A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets, 7th Edition. American Association of State Highway Transportation Officials. (Washington, DC, 2018).

88. United States, National Transportation Safety Board. Railroad/Highway Grade Crossing Accidents Involving Trucks Transporting Bulk Hazardous Materials, A Special Study, Report NTSB-HZM-81-2. (September 1981). Washington, DC: NTSB.

89. 49 CFR 229.125. Headlights and Auxiliary Lights.

90. Research Results: Alerting Lights on Locomotives. (July 2007). Washington, DC: USDOT/ FRA. Retrieved from: https://railroads.dot.gov/elibrary/alerting-lights-locomotives, last accessed August 23, 2018.

91. 49 CFR Part 222.21–Subpart B–Use of Locomotive Horns. 49 CFR 229.129– Locomotive Horn.

92. 49 CFR 224. Reflectorization of Rail Freight Rolling Stock.

93. Federal-Aid Policy Guide (FAPG) 23 CFR 924.3–Code of Federal Regulations (and Non-Regulatory Supplements). (2016). Washington, DC: FHWA. Retrieved from: https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/legsregs/directives/fapgtoc.htm, last accessed August 23, 2018.

94. 49 CFR Part 234, Subpart F–Highway-Rail and Pathway Crossing Inventory Reporting. (January 2015). Retrieved from: https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/CFR-2017-title49-vol4/CFR-2017-title49-vol4-part234-appB, last accessed October 12, 2018.

95. Section § 390.5: Definitions (2017). Washington, DC: FMSCA. Retrieved from: https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/retrieveECFR?gp=1&ty=HTML&h=L&mc=true&=PART&n=pt49.5.390, last accessed August 23, 2018.

96. Sperry, B.R., B. Naik, and J.E. Warner. (2017). Current Issues in Highway-Railroad Grade Crossing Hazard Ranking and Project Development. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2608, pp. 19-26, Washington, DC.

97. Sperry, B.R., B. Naik, and J.E. Warner. (May 2016). Evaluation of Grade Crossing Hazard Ranking Models. Report No. FHWA/OH-2016/10, Ohio University, Athens, OH.

98. Farr, E. H. (1987). Rail-Highway Crossing Resource Allocation Procedure–User's Guide, Third Edition. Federal Railroad Administration, Report No. DOT/FRA/OS-87/10, Washington, DC.

99. GradeDec.Net Crossing Evaluation Tool Reference Manual. (2014). Washington, DC: FRA. Retrieved from: https://railroads.dot.gov/elibrary/gradedec-crossing-evaluation-tool-reference-manual-2014, last accessed August 23, 2018.

100. Highway Safety Engineering Studies Procedural Guide. (November 1991). Washington, DC: FHWA.

101. A User's Guide to Positive Guidance. (June 1977). Washington, DC: FHWA, Office of Operations.

102. Manual of Transportation Engineering Studies. (1994). Washington, DC: Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE).