Photograph and Image Credits
| Figure #
|
Caption
|
Credit
|
|---|---|---|
| Cover 1 | (in-lane freeway route shield markings) | Jim Lyle, Texas A&M Transportation Institute |
| Cover 2 | (crosswalk markings) | Kay Fitzpatrick, Texas A&M Transportation Institute |
| Cover 3 | (work zone cones) | Tom Saunders, Virginia Department of Transportation |
| Cover 4 | (curve warning markings) | Marcus Brewer/Debbie Murillo, Texas A&M Transportation Institute |
| Cover 5 | (railroad crossing devices) | Ben Sperry, Texas A&M Transportation Institute |
| 1 | Elements included for each Handbook treatment | Debbie Murillo, Texas A&M Transportation Institute |
| 2 | Percentage of crashes involving drivers and pedestrians by age at intersections (Hauer, 1988). | Ezra Hauer, TRB Special Report 218 (1988) |
| 3 | Example 90° angle of intersection. | Debbie Murillo, Texas A&M Transportation Institute |
| 4 | Example 75° angle of intersection. | Debbie Murillo, Texas A&M Transportation Institute |
| 5 | Skewed signalized intersection with prohibition of right turn on red | Debbie Murillo, Texas A&M Transportation Institute |
| 6 | Recommended receiving lane width. | Debbie Murillo, Texas A&M Transportation Institute |
| 7 | Vertical Curb (top), Sloping Curb (bottom) | David Harkey, Highway Safety Resource Center, University of North Carolina |
| 8 | Left-turn lanes with positive offset | Debbie Murillo, Texas A&M Transportation Institute |
| 9 | Recommended signs and markings for intersections with channelized offset left-turn lanes | Debbie Murillo, Texas A&M Transportation Institute |
| 10 | Pedestrian Crossing Island (or Refuge Area) | Debbie Murillo, Texas A&M Transportation Institute |
| 11 | Raised median island with yellow marking on the vertical face and top surface. | David Harkey, Highway Safety Resource Center, University of North Carolina |
| 12 | Comparison of curb radii | Debbie Murillo, Texas A&M Transportation Institute |
| 13 | MUTCD R10-12 sign adjacent to left-turn signal face. | Marcus Brewer, Texas A&M Transportation Institute |
| 14 | (MUTCD R10-31P) | Federal Highway Administration, Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways, 2009 Edition. |
| 15 | (MUTCD R10-11) | Federal Highway Administration, Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways, 2009 Edition. |
| 16 | Skewed signalized intersection with prohibition of right turn on red | Debbie Murillo, Texas A&M Transportation Institute |
| 17 | (MUTCD R10-15) | Federal Highway Administration, Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways, 2009 Edition. |
| 18 | (MUTCD D3-1) | Federal Highway Administration, Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways, 2009 Edition. |
| 19 | Intersection Warning W2-1 Sign and W16-8P Supplemental Advance Street Name Plaque | Federal Highway Administration, Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways, 2009 Edition. |
| 20 | (MUTCD D3-2) | Federal Highway Administration, Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways, 2009 Edition. |
| 21 | (MUTCD W4-4P) | Federal Highway Administration, Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways, 2009 Edition. |
| 22 | (MUTCD W3-1) | Federal Highway Administration, Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways, 2009 Edition. |
| 23 | Mast-arm mounted lane-use control signs | Alan Pate, Battelle |
| 24 | Yellow retroreflective backplates | Mark Doctor, Federal Highway Administration |
| 25 | Pedestrian crossing at channelized right-turn lane. | Debbie Murillo, Texas A&M Transportation Institute |
| 26 | (MUTCD R10-3 Series) | Federal Highway Administration, Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways, 2009 Edition. |
| 27 | Recommended placement of MUTCD R10-15 sign. | Debbie Murillo, Texas A&M Transportation Institute |
| 28 | Countdown pedestrian signal | David Harkey, Highway Safety Resource Center, University of North Carolina |
| 29 | Key geometric design elements and traffic control devices for roundabouts | Debbie Murillo, Texas A&M Transportation Institute |
| 30 | (MUTCD W2-6) | Federal Highway Administration, Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways, 2009 Edition. |
| 31 | Roundabout directional arrow sign | Debbie Murillo, Texas A&M Transportation Institute |
| 32 | Placement of Roundabout Circulation Plaques | Debbie Murillo, Texas A&M Transportation Institute |
| 33 | Right-Turn Channelization Design | Debbie Murillo, Texas A&M Transportation Institute |
| 34 | Combination Lane Use/Destination Guide Sign (MUTCD D15-1). | Federal Highway Administration, Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways, 2009 Edition. |
| 35 | Example of one signal head per lane | Marcus Brewer, Texas A&M Transportation Institute |
| 36 | High-visibility (”ladder”) crosswalk | Kay Fitzpatrick, Texas A&M Transportation Institute |
| 37 | Yield Ahead Triangle Symbols | David Harkey, Highway Safety Resource Center, University of North Carolina |
| 38 | Diagram of Median U-Turn Intersection | Debbie Murillo, Texas A&M Transportation Institute |
| 39 | Diagram of Restricted Crossing U-Turn Intersection | Debbie Murillo, Texas A&M Transportation Institute |
| 40 | (MUTCD R10-32P) | Federal Highway Administration, Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways, 2009 Edition. |
| 41 | Typical arrangements of signal faces with flashing yellow arrow indications for permissive left-turn movements | Flashing Yellow Arrow information page, City of Bryan website, Bryan, Texas (2014) www.bryantx.gov |
| 42 | Example Overhead Arrow-per-Lane Sign. | Federal Highway Administration, Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways, 2009 Edition. |
| 43 | (MUTCD D13-3) | Federal Highway Administration, Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways, 2009 Edition. |
| 44 | Recommended signs and markings for adjacent entrance/exit ramps at a crossroad intersection | Debbie Murillo, Texas A&M Transportation Institute |
| 45 | Advance ground-mounted diagrammatic sign. | David Harkey, Highway Safety Resource Center, University of North Carolina |
| 46 | Recommended raised pavement markers and post- mounted delineators at an exit gore | Debbie Murillo, Texas A&M Transportation Institute |
| 47 | Placement of chevrons on the controlling curve of an exit ramp | Debbie Murillo, Texas A&M Transportation Institute |
| 48 | Recommended markings for acceleration lanes from entrance ramps onto freeways. | Debbie Murillo, Texas A&M Transportation Institute |
| 49 | Recommended signing for restricted movements on an exit ramp | Debbie Murillo, Texas A&M Transportation Institute |
| 50 | Route Shield Markings At Freeway Junctions | Jim Lyle, Texas A&M Transportation Institute |
| 51 | White edge lines, centerline RPMs, and chevrons on a horizontal curve | Adam Pike, Texas A&M Transportation Institute |
| 52 | (MUTCD W7-6 and W13-1P). | Federal Highway Administration, Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways, 2009 Edition. |
| 53 | (MUTCD W3-4 and W16-13). | Federal Highway Administration, Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways, 2009 Edition. |
| 54 | (MUTCD W14-3) | Federal Highway Administration, Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways, 2009 Edition. |
| 55 | Lane Control Signal (adapted from Ullman et al. 1996) | Ullman, G.L., Parma, K.D., Peoples, M.D., Trout, N.D., and Tallamraju, S.S. Visibility, Spacing, and Operation of Freeway Lane Control Signals. (1996) |
| 56 | Dotted Lane Line Markings at Freeway Lane Drop | Marcus Brewer, Texas A&M Transportation Institute |
| 57 | Contrast Markings on Light Colored Pavement | Marcus Brewer, Texas A&M Transportation Institute |
| 58 | Curve Warning Markings | Marcus Brewer/Debbie Murillo, Texas A&M Transportation Institute |
| 59 | Example of Road Diet | Virginia Department of Transportation |
| 60 | High Friction Surface Treatment on a Horizontal Curve | Ken Kochevar, Federal Highway Administration |
| 61 | Flashing arrow panel at lane closure taper. | Debbie Murillo, Texas A&M Transportation Institute |
| 62 | Changeable message sign upstream of lane closure taper | Debbie Murillo, Texas A&M Transportation Institute |
| 63 | Redundant static signs upstream of lane closure taper | Debbie Murillo, Texas A&M Transportation Institute |
| 64 | Phase 1 (Top) and Phase 2 (Bottom) | Debbie Murillo, Texas A&M Transportation Institute |
| 65 | Use of approved abbreviation in one-phase message | Debbie Murillo, Texas A&M Transportation Institute |
| 66 | Traffic cone for nighttime work zone operations. | Debbie Murillo, Texas A&M Transportation Institute |
| 67 | Temporary work zone sign with increased letter height. | Caltrans, Office of Signs, Markings and California MUTCD. Challenge Area: CA-14 — Improve Work Zone Safety. (2012) |
| 68 | Recommended placement of post-mounted delineators | Debbie Murillo, Texas A&M Transportation Institute |
| 69 | Turning Path Taken by Left-Turning Vehicles (from Staplin et al., 1997). | Staplin, L., Harkey, D., Lococo, K., and Tarawneh, M. Intersection Geometric Design and Operational Guidelines for Older Drivers and Pedestrians, Volume I: Final Report. (1997) |
| 70 | Intersection Geometries Examined in a Field Study of Right-Turn Channelization (Staplin et al., 1997). | Staplin, L., Harkey, D., Lococo, K., and Tarawneh, M. Intersection Geometric Design and Operational Guidelines for Older Drivers and Pedestrians, Volume I: Final Report. (1997) |
| 71 | Sight Distance for Left and Right Turns for Passenger Car Drivers at Yield-Control Intersections (Harwood et al., 1993). | Harwood, D.W., Mason, J.W., Jr., Pietrucha, M.T., Brydia, R.E., Hostetter, R.S., and Gittings, G.L. Intersection Sight Distance. (1993) |
| 72 | Spatial relationships that determine available sight distance | McCoy, P.T., Navarro, U.R., and Witt, W.E. “Guidelines for Offsetting Opposing Left-Turn Lanes on Four-Lane Divided Roadways.” Transportation Research Record 1356. (1992) |
| 73 | Comparison of Required Intersection Sight Distance Values from the Modified AASHTO Model (with J = 2.5 S) and the Gap Acceptance Model (with Gap Values of 5.5 S, 7.0, 7.5 S, and 8.0 S). |
Staplin, L., Harkey, D., Lococo, K., and Tarawneh, M. Intersection Geometric Design and Operational Guidelines for Older Drivers and Pedestrians, Volume I: Final Report. (1997) |
| 74 | Alignment of Left-Turn Lanes for Negative and Positive Offset | David Harkey, Highway Safety Resource Center, University of North Carolina |
| 75 | Alternative Left-Turn Treatments for Rural and Suburban Divided Highways | Bonneson, J.A., McCoy, P.T., and Truby, J.E. “Safety Improvements at Intersections on Rural Expressways: A Survey of State Departments of Transportation.” Transportation Research Record 1385. (1993) |
| 76 | Sight Distance Restrictions for a Positioned and Unpositioned Left-Turning Driver at an Aligned Intersection with an Opposing Left-Turning Vehicle. | Staplin, L., Harkey, D., Lococo, K., and Tarawneh, M. Intersection Geometric Design and Operational Guidelines for Older Drivers and Pedestrians, Volume I: Final Report. (1997) |
| 77 | Left-Turn Lane Offset Design Values Necessary to Achieve Unrestricted Sight Distances Calculated with Either the Modified AASHTO Model (J = 2.5 s) or the Gap Acceptance Model (G = 8.0 s). | Staplin, L., Harkey, D., Lococo, K., and Tarawneh, M. Intersection Geometric Design and Operational Guidelines for Older Drivers and Pedestrians, Volume I: Final Report. (1997) |
| 78 | Alternative Curb Radii Evaluated in Laboratory Preference Study of Intersection Geometries | Staplin, L., Harkey, D., Lococo, K., and Tarawneh, M. Intersection Geometric Design and Operational Guidelines for Older Drivers and Pedestrians, Volume I: Final Report. (1997) |
| 79 | Novel Sign Tested as a Countermeasure to Reduce RTOR Violations and Pedestrian Conflicts | Zegeer, C.V. and Cynecki, M.J. “Evaluation of Countermeasures Related to RTOR Accidents that Involve Pedestrians.” Transportation Research Record 1059. (1986) |
| 80 | Recommended Wording For Educational Placards For One-Stage And Two-Stage Crossings | Knoblauch, R., Nitzburg, M., Dewar, R., Templer, A. and Pietrucha, M. Older Pedestrian Characteristics for Use in Highway Design. (1995) |
| 81 | One Way and Chevron Sign Combination Used in Central Island of Roundabout | Jacquemart, G. Synthesis of Highway Practice 264: Synthesis of Roundabout Practice in the United States. (1998) |
| 82 | Roundabout Advance Warning Sign Recommended by Lord et al | Lord, D., Van Schalwyk, L., Chrysler, S., and Staplin, L. “A Strategy to Reduce Older Driver Injuries at Intersections Using More Accommodating Roundabout Design Practices.” Accident Analysis and Prevention, 39(3), pp 427-432. (2007) |
| 83 | Lane Control Sign Recommended by Lord et al | Lord, D., Van Schalwyk, L., Chrysler, S., and Staplin, L. “A Strategy to Reduce Older Driver Injuries at Intersections Using More Accommodating Roundabout Design Practices.” Accident Analysis and Prevention, 39(3), pp 427-432. (2007) |
| 84 | Roundabout Sign Recommended by Lord et al | Lord, D., Van Schalwyk, L., Chrysler, S., and Staplin, L. “A Strategy to Reduce Older Driver Injuries at Intersections Using More Accommodating Roundabout Design Practices.” Accident Analysis and Prevention, 39(3), pp 427-432. (2007) |
| 85 | Yield Sign Treatment Recommended by Lord et al | Lord, D., Van Schalwyk, L., Chrysler, S., and Staplin, L. “A Strategy to Reduce Older Driver Injuries at Intersections Using More Accommodating Roundabout Design Practices.” Accident Analysis and Prevention, 39(3), pp 427-432. (2007) |
| 86 | Exit Treatment Recommended by Lord et al | Lord, D., Van Schalwyk, L., Chrysler, S., and Staplin, L. “A Strategy to Reduce Older Driver Injuries at Intersections Using More Accommodating Roundabout Design Practices.” Accident Analysis and Prevention, 39(3), pp 427-432. (2007) |
| 87 | Example of continental crosswalk markings | K. Fitzpatrick, S.T. Chrysler, V. Iragavarapu, E. Park. (2010) Crosswalk Marking Field Visibility Study. Research Report. FHWA-HRT-10-068. Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. |
| 88 | Example of bar pairs crosswalk markings | K. Fitzpatrick, S.T. Chrysler, V. Iragavarapu, E. Park. (2010) Crosswalk Marking Field Visibility Study. Research Report. FHWA-HRT-10-068. Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. |
| 89 | Diagram of Median U-Turn Intersection | Debbie Murillo, Texas A&M Transportation Institute |
| 90 | Diagram of Restricted Crossing U-Turn Intersection | Debbie Murillo, Texas A&M Transportation Institute |
| 91 | Supplemental Plaque Used with Extended Crossing Time Feature for APS | Federal Highway Administration, Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways, 2009 Edition. |
| 92 | Example of MUTCD diagrammatic sign (a) and modified diagrammatic sign (b) used in comprehension evaluation | Brackett, Q., Huchingson, R.D., Trout, N.D., and Womack, K. “Study of Urban Guide Sign Deficiencies.” Transportation Research Record 1368. (1992) |
| 93 | Ground-Mounted Diagrammatic Guide Sign for Urban Multilane Arterial, Used by Zwahlen et al | Zwahlen, Helmut T., Russ, Andrew, Roth, James M., and Schnell, Thomas. (2003) “Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Ground Mounted Diagrammatic Advance Guide Signs For Freeway Entrance Ramps”, Paper No. 03-3315, presented at the 82nd Annual Transportation Research Board Meeting, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC. |
| 94 | Pixel layout of LCD Heads employed in research conducted by Ullman et al. | Ullman, G.L., Parma, K.D., Peoples, M.D., Trout, N.D., and Tallamraju, S.S. Visibility, Spacing, and Operation of Freeway Lane Control Signals. (1996) |
| 95 | Current (left) and proposed modified (right) temporary work zone sign in California. | Caltrans, Office of Signs, Markings and California MUTCD. Challenge Area: CA-14 — Improve Work Zone Safety. (2012) |
| 96 | Experimental Enhanced Crossbuck Sign, Referred to as the “Buckeye Crossbuck” or “Conrail Shield”. | Russell, E.R. and Kent, W. Highway-Rail Crossing Safety Demonstrations. (1993). |
| 97 | Standard MUTCD W10-3 Sign and Alternative Sign Designs Evaluated by Picha, Hawkins, and Womack | Picha, D.L., Hawkins, H.G., and Womack, K.N. Motorist Understanding of Alternative Designs for Traffic Signs. (1995) |