The research documented in this report was conducted as part of the Federal Highway Administration’s (FHWA’s) Evaluation of Low-Cost Safety  mprovements Pooled Fund Study (ELCSI-PFS). FHWA established this PFS in 2005 to conduct research on the effectiveness of safety improvements identified by the National Cooperative Highway Research Program Report 500 Guides as part of the implementation of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials’ Strategic Highway Safety Plan. ELCSI-PFS studies provide a crash modification factor and benefit–cost economic analysis for each targeted safety strategy identified as a priority by member States of the PFS.