While construction is a well-known term, the concept of e-Construction may be less familiar. According to the Federal Highway Administration website (https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/construction/econstruction/), e-Construction is defined as the collection, review, approval, and distribution of highway construction contract documents in a paperless environment and involves the electronic capture and submission of construction documentation via mobile devices. Additionally, e-Construction allows for automated, digital document review and approval, incorporating electronic stakeholder signatures, all while providing workflow management that is accessible across all platforms. This process provides optimized collaboration, efficiency, and productivity.

During most infrastructure projects, the construction project manager and field inspectors rely on traditional techniques that use measuring wheels, logbooks, clipboards, and hard-copy plans to locate, track, and measure constructed assets. Often, these details must be manually transferred into various electronic formats for the creation of final documents, including as-built plans, record drawings, quantity summaries, and payment processing. This process has proven to be time-consuming, as staff meticulously inputs information into construction management systems. Information is commonly redrawn in computer-aided design (CAD) platforms based on hard-copy field notes or inputted into a final geographic information system (GIS) for recordkeeping and asset management. In fact, the process can take weeks, months, or even years. The delay caused by using manual methods of data management can result in subsequent stakeholders, offices, and projects being unaware of precise asset locations, which could lead to an increased risk of damage to newly installed infrastructure.

This is where e-Construction’s advantages truly shine. Data are seamlessly transferred from the field into electronic and digital platforms and asset management systems such as GIS, granting stakeholders nearly instant access to newly constructed infrastructure details. With information recorded promptly, organizations experience significant time savings by eliminating manual data entry on paper. Moreover, swift recording safeguards infrastructure from inadvertent damage during other projects because the infrastructure is known to be installed for one-call locating. This feature is due to the newly constructed asset information (and location) being known and available in electronic or digital format for use as basemapping and/or also being available in the utility locate system during subsequent construction activities.

Pilot Project Overview

Serving the city of Lincoln, NE, the Lincoln Transportation and Utilities (LTU) Department manages all phases of public infrastructure—from initial planning and design to construction and ongoing operations and maintenance. LTU was awarded a grant from the State Transportation Innovation Council Technology and Innovation Deployment Program to conduct a pilot project to explore modernizing construction administration and asset management activities with e-Construction techniques.

Before the project could move forward, the project team set out to discover how the theme was currently being implemented in the field. They evaluated the existing workflow for construction observation, inspection, and administration to understand how information is collected and to determine the various stakeholders involved in tracking and measuring assets. From there, the team developed operational scenarios and workflows that would use mobile data collection equipment for infrastructure documentation, ultimately improving the quality and efficiency of developing as-built plans and record drawings. Next, the project team evaluated mobile data collection equipment and associated GIS applications to determine options for collecting precise and timely data. The pilot project was then executed during the construction of multiple linear infrastructure projects. As a final deliverable, the project team developed a comprehensive final report that outlined project details, lessons learned, and recommended next steps.

Client’s Historical Construction Process Evaluation and Challenges

The project team held a kick-off meeting and initial workshop with stakeholders from various technical and professional backgrounds, including LTU’s Project Delivery Division staff. The team evaluated current conditions, primarily focused on fieldwork components and construction project administration that delivered infrastructure in the public right-of-way (ROW).

This preliminary assessment identified that construction project managers and field inspection staff located, tracked, and measured constructed project assets using traditional manual field methods and hard-copy and paper engineering drawing sets. Daily construction progress was tallied in manual logbooks. As projects were completed, hard-copy field notes were provided to office staff who updated electronic CAD files. These electronic records were ultimately converted into the city’s long-term digital asset management GIS platform for final retention and management. These GIS database and linework files are used as the primary records for subsequent utility location and for protection of all infrastructure assets in the ROW.

This process of converting hard-copy field notes for installed infrastructure into GIS-based assets for management is a time-consuming and potentially error prone process—spanning weeks, months, or years, depending on project complexity and staffing capacity. This lengthy process leaves assets vulnerable to damage in the field. It can also pose subsequent design challenges for new projects or other scheduled maintenance and operations in the ROW.

After assessing existing procedures and gathering input from stakeholders, the project team pinpointed areas for improvement, focusing particularly on expediting the transfer of data from construction field notes to final asset management files (via GIS). In alignment with project goals and objectives, the team considered the following high-level goals:

• Modernizing asset location and tracking activities during construction, using mobile data collection devices tied to the city’s GIS platform.
• Expediting the completion of as-built plans when projects are constructed.
• Implementing, in the future, a field data collection process that would allow for faster development of installed quantity summaries and issuing of draft pay estimates and approvals for contractors.

Client’s Stakeholder Engagement

Given the extensive network of how assets are located, tracked, and maintained, input from diverse stakeholders was essential. Lead stakeholders encompassed various LTU groups that support delivery of work within the public ROW. Additionally, the general public was recognized as a secondary stakeholder that would reap benefits once the primary stakeholder’s needs were addressed.

“Being involved in this pilot project, and specifically all the discussions amongst a diverse group of stakeholders, helped me see the big picture in the overall delivery of projects,” says Chuck Seuferer, construction manager, JEO Consulting Group,  Inc., who was a lead field construction manager during pilot project testing.

Diving deeper, lead stakeholders identified opportunities to provide needed improvements for the following areas:

• Accurate data collection for downstream operational and maintenance activities.
• A wide array of data collected during construction activities, such as installation date, weather conditions at installation, contractor information, and other asset-specific characteristics.
• Timely recording of asset locations to protect them from subsequent damage due to future infrastructure installation in the ROW.
• Data collection devices that would integrate seamlessly with the existing GIS database.
• Prompt documentation of contractor work to ensure timely payments.
• Accuracy of data to respond to requests for both internal records and various outside partners.

These identified needs served as the foundation for the project goals. A key component of accomplishing these goals was the use of GPS-enabled mobile data collection devices that would connect to the city’s existing GIS database. These devices would allow for the use of electronic and digital files to modify design features in the field during construction administration and inspection, the ability to quickly and easily record the construction of new assets as work is conducted, and the ability to load pertinent information directly into the asset management system to expedite advancing toward digital as-builts with direct-to-file updates.

Pilot Project Testing 

During project meetings, the team confirmed that the pilot would focus on linear utility construction projects (e.g., conduit systems and water main installations) to allow for a simple, initial, point-to-point framework. Sample operational scenarios were discussed with stakeholders to develop the user interface and process for field staff to use during the effort, as well as potential future projects.

New Construction Scenario

In this scenario, a fiber-optic communications system conduit could be deployed and made available for third-party Internet service providers to install fiber cable. After construction begins, LTU could conduct typical construction observation activities but also follow construction crews with GPS-enabled mobile data collection equipment and asset tags (loaded with information) to attach to newly constructed conduit system pull boxes. Locations and characteristic information could be collected and loaded into the GIS database, allowing the original design file drawings to be updated quickly. Also, the GIS shape files of the conduit system and pull-box infrastructure could be instantly loaded into the city’s enterprise GIS platform, allowing the production of digital as-builts, design file sharing to private entities, and information sharing into Nebraska811, the State’s “call before you dig” utilities locator service.
 

Asset Maintenance Scenario 

In this scenario, as assets are scheduled for maintenance and/or replacement through an established management process, the asset database could be queried, and an item could be located with all component characteristics and history embedded. This information would allow for an accurate cost estimate for maintenance or replacement. Both the detailed as-built plans and the record GIS shape files could be immediately available for maintenance, operations, and necessary design activities.

Field Permit Issued for ROW Occupation Scenario

In this scenario, when a major water main project is planned to occupy the ROW near existing assets, data could be queried and compared to the proposed work to determine whether assets need to be relocated to avoid conflicts. As work is completed, information could be updated with GPS-enabled mobile data collection equipment, and the asset tags could be loaded with the updated information and data. These new records could be saved into the system for future use and tracking as needed.

While considering which projects to implement for this pilot project, the team assessed the hardware and applications critical for mobile data collection. Collaborating with the city of Lincoln Information Services (IS) staff—experts knowledgeable in internal GIS operations—the team tested two industry-standard field units:

• The Trimble® DA2 global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receiver with Catalyst™ positioning service offers units known for precision, accuracy, durability, and seamless integration with GIS platforms.
• The Eos Positioning Systems Arrow Gold® GNSS receiver offers precision, battery longevity, and portability, with Bluetooth® connectivity on smartphones and tablets.

Although both brands demonstrated feasibility in helping achieve the e-Construction objectives, the city IS department opted for the Trimble units because other city divisions are currently using them.

Once the units were selected, the project team collaborated with the city IS and Construction Services staff to develop user-friendly, tailored menu options. These options featured easily navigable drop-down lists and typical pay items, ensuring easy accessibility during field data collection activities. Various link attribute examples for conduit sizes, conduit bundle count, and water main pipe sizes were integrated into the menus. Furthermore, the menu options included several node-type items, covering diverse pull-box types, water valves, fittings, and hydrants. The team also developed GIS applications for the collection of these in-field asset characteristics (e.g., pull-box size, power pedestal, type of valves).

“This project has allowed us to train our Construction Services staff on modern field data collection activities and gain good familiarity with GPS-enabled mobile devices,” says Nate Cole, GIS system supervisor within LTU’s Technology Services division.
 

In the field, mobile tablets and smartphones were used to develop the menus and options for presenting maps and dropdown pay items. These variations underwent testing from field staff to gather insights on user-friendliness, functionality, and the ability to modify preloaded design line work versus adding new stand-alone pay items in the field. Furthermore, discussions with the project team centered on future enhancements, such as delineating fenced areas and measuring and locating points along a horizontal shape, which can enable tracking and summarization of more complex project types.

The team conducted field-testing activities, affording diverse city staff and the project team an opportunity to apply the equipment and applications to fieldwork. These activities consisted of the following elements:

• Equipment: The GPS-enabled devices, software, and affiliated equipment were configured according to the requirements to promptly relay data to the city GIS servers, facilitating the display and monitoring of information in near realtime.
• Training: Field personnel were trained in the operation and use of the equipment. Data collection activities—including asset location, measurement, and tracking—were carried out, and the collected field data were seamlessly synchronized with the city GIS platform.
• Processes: As one example, the pilot project involved performing construction administration services during the installation of fiber-optic communication system conduits. The design was converted into relevant shape files and then imported into the city’s GIS platform. During field testing, staff successfully tracked and located all pull boxes and conduits. Adjustments to pull-box locations were made during construction, with an additional pull box included compared to the original plan. Project team members were able to “adjust” the authoritative data in the field application to reflect the actual coordinates of the constructed assets. These line work and shape files were immediately accessible in the city GIS platform to depict the as-built location. Subsequently, the elements were available for conversion back into CAD, facilitating the production of updated digital, as-built drawings and final records for the typical plan set (PDF files).

This process and workflow were employed in ongoing pilot testing of additional conduit systems and water main projects. This example was showcased during a demonstration to LTU and exemplifies the future capability where GIS files representing location and property and the subsequent as-built plans could be finalized in a short time frame, possibly even within hours of construction completion. The team conducted further testing on multiple other projects, including major broadband conduit system deployments on the fringes of Lincoln and Lancaster counties in Nebraska, and large-scale collection of water main assets across the city of Lincoln.

Pilot Project Outcomes 

Drawing on current project work, the team identified numerous improved efficiencies. Several instances of e-Construction were tested, validating the capabilities of field data collection and the seamless integration of engineering design files and GIS platform data, thus facilitating streamlined processes. The ability to progress from project design to field data collection and, ultimately, generate final authoritative GIS files and as-built plans with a quick turnaround was effectively demonstrated to stakeholders.

Furthermore, the GPS-enabled mobile data collection devices demonstrated accuracy within 2 cm (0.79 inches) in any direction in locating and measuring assets. Leveraging real-time kinematic and GNSS technologies ensured dependable positioning data. The transfer of collected field data to the GIS platform effectively mitigated data disparities and redundancies, enhancing the precision and reliability of as-built engineering plans and record drawings. This outcome diminished the likelihood of conflicts and errors during subsequent maintenance or infrastructure modifications.

The testing phase demonstrated the efficacy of precise, near real-time data collection through GPS-enabled mobile devices. Successful trials of hardware and applications revealed the flexibility for modifying design elements directly on handheld devices when field changes were made. Field personnel were also able to input new assets into the system as they were constructed.

Overall, the equipment and software applications were found to be user-friendly. Field personnel noted the ease of most operations and intuitive interfaces, facilitating efficient data collection and navigation.

Finally, the ability for near real-time data collection and integration facilitated effective communication among field personnel, design teams, and project managers, guaranteeing the inclusion of precise, as-built information into the record drawings. “We’re looking forward to continuing to realize efficiencies and increased accuracy in measuring quantities and summarizing field notes,” says Randy Saathoff, construction project manager within LTU’s Project Delivery division.

Next Phase of Pilot Program 

LTU is seeking additional testing on more complex, nonlinear infrastructure projects. In this subsequent phase, LTU looks to evaluate software providers capable of integrating construction data and financial summaries to generate contractor payments, daily logs, and progress reports. This evaluation aims to enable LTU to fully leverage integration within its construction and financial management software systems.

Lessons learned from the pilot project will be integrated into subsequent testing phases, including continuous training for field personnel. While training and support allowed personnel to proficiently operate the field equipment, ongoing training and technical assistance are needed to address challenges that may arise during the continued implementation, leading to maximized use of the equipment.

Moreover, while most staff and project team members found mobile data collection equipment and automated tools beneficial, some faced challenges adjusting to these methods. This finding underscores the importance of ongoing training to foster wider acceptance and use of modern tools. Ensuring continued emphasis on tool adoption will be imperative in the upcoming phase to promote broader acceptance and utilization.
 

Lastly, during testing, the team observed that modifying design features, such as line work and elements, on a mobile device posed challenges for some field staff. Contrary to project assumptions, most users expressed a preference for adding new elements directly into the collector applications rather than attempting to modify existing design files in the field. This preference is likely influenced by factors such as the size of tablets and phones, sun glare, and field conditions.

Conclusion 

The successful completion of this pilot project produced significant initial results and sparked discussions among a variety of stakeholders, including managers, engineers, GIS and design technicians, field inspectors, and information technology professionals. Continued implementation, testing, and training will play a key role in ensuring streamlined infrastructure project delivery, enhancing the accuracy of as-built documentation, and securing long-term benefits.

“Because of this effort, we’re continuing to double down on our technology development for field service applications and infrastructure asset management,” says Travis Klasna, JEO Consulting Group’s director of technology.

As the pilot project proved, the project’s theme—“Plan It, Design It, Build It, Measure It, Pay for It, Record It, and Maintain It”—was exemplified while achieving efficiencies, reducing redundancies, and facilitating near real-time data processing. Additional testing is on track to continue to enhance the process.

Lonnie Burklund, PE, PTOE, leads the Traffic and Technology Department at JEO Consulting Group, in Lincoln, NE. He earned a B.S. in civil engineering from the University of Nebraska.

Marc Rosso, PE, is a senior construction engineer for the city of Lincoln Transportation and Utilities in Lincoln, NE. He holds a B.S. in civil engineering from the University of Colorado.

For more information, see lincoln.ne.gov, then search for SLIC, or contact Lonnie Burklund (402-435-3080, mrosso@lincoln.ne.gov), Marc Rosso (402-441-7711, mrosso@lincoln.ne.gov), or Bryan Cawley, Construction and Maintenance Engineer at the FHWA Resource Center, Office of Innovation Implementation (307-631-7424, bryan.cawley@dot.gov).

Disclaimer: FHWA and all its offices and units do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trademarks or names appear in this article only because they are considered essential to the objective of the document.